Asia & Oceania · China · Founded 2021
Energy Singularity
Magnetic confinement — HTS tokamak
Magnetic
Deuterium-Tritium
Undisclosed
Demo by 2027; commercial by 2035
Investor brief
China's first all-HTS tokamak, first plasma in 2024
Executive Summary
Energy Singularity achieved first plasma in HH70 in mid-2024 — the world's first all-HTS tokamak to operate, narrowly preceding CFS SPARC. The company is now scaling to HH170 with a 1 GWe pilot on the same compact-high-field architecture as CFS, leveraging Chinese HTS, vacuum and superconductor supply chains.
Strategic Thesis
China's HTS, vacuum and superconductor supply chain plus Shanghai capital can match CFS on timeline at lower capex.
The Problem
Global electricity demand is entering an unprecedented growth phase driven by AI infrastructure, data centers, transport electrification, industrial decarbonization, water desalination, and advanced manufacturing. Solar suffers intermittency, wind capacity-factor variability, natural gas carbon emissions, conventional nuclear cost and deployment speed, and batteries energy-density and duration limits. The world requires a new source of clean, dispatchable baseload energy. Fusion represents the ultimate energy source — the challenge is making it commercially practical.
HH170 — High-Field HTS Tokamak
Energy Singularity's architecture closely parallels CFS's: REBCO HTS magnets enabling a much smaller tokamak than ITER at comparable performance. The differentiation is the Chinese industrial base.
HH70 — First All-HTS Tokamak
Achieved first plasma June 2024 in Shanghai.
HH170 Demonstration Tokamak
Next-generation HTS tokamak targeting demonstration of net energy gain by 2027.
1 GWe Commercial Pilot
Commercial plant targeted for 2035 on the compact high-field architecture.
Chinese REBCO Supply Chain
Domestic HTS tape production at a lower cost basis than Western suppliers.
Fuel Strategy
Deuterium-Tritium
Standard D-T fuel cycle.
Product Platform
HH70
Operating all-HTS tokamak — first plasma 2024.
HH170
Demonstration tokamak targeting net gain by 2027.
Energy Conversion
Thermal (Rankine/Brayton)
Neutronic (D-T)
33–40% electrical
Deuterium-tritium fusion releases ~80% of its energy as 14.1 MeV neutrons, which deposit their kinetic energy in a surrounding blanket. The heat drives a conventional steam (Rankine) or supercritical-CO₂ (Brayton) turbine.
Conversion chain
- 1D-T plasma
- 214.1 MeV neutrons (80%) + 3.5 MeV alpha (20%)
- 3Neutrons → lithium-bearing blanket (heat + tritium breeding)
- 4Heat → steam/CO₂ turbine → electricity
The most thoroughly understood fusion fuel cycle, highest cross-section at achievable temperatures, and proven back-end engineering (steam turbines are 19th-century technology). Trade-offs: neutron-induced materials damage, tritium handling, ~33–40% Carnot-limited efficiency.
Economic Vision
Chinese capex base and HTS supply chain potentially match Western performance timelines at meaningfully lower cost.
Vision
China's commercial fusion champion on the compact high-field path.
Mission
Deliver fusion electricity to the Chinese grid by 2035.
Engineering Bottlenecks
- Domestic REBCO tape quality
- Tritium fuel cycle integration
Milestone Timeline
Jun 2024
HH70 first plasma
2025
Series B reportedly oversubscribed
The description above reflects Energy Singularity's publicly stated technology goals, roadmap and architecture. Many elements — particularly net-energy gain at scale, advanced fuel cycles, and grid-relevant economics — remain ambitious objectives that have not yet been demonstrated commercially anywhere in the fusion industry. Forward-looking statements should be treated as engineering targets, not certainties.
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Citations & Sources
Academic & financial rigor- [01]
HH70 first plasma
Energy Singularity · 2024
- [02]
The Global Fusion Industry in 2025
Fusion Industry Association · Jul 2025
- [03]
Company disclosures and press releases
Energy Singularity
- [04]
Peer-reviewed plasma physics literature
Journal of Plasma Physics / Nuclear Fusion